Issues in the Museum – Dissociation

What is Dissociation? It is loss of objects, or object-related data, or the ability to retrieve or associate objects and data. This can happen in three different ways: rare and catastrophic single events resulting in extensive loss of data, objects, or object values; Sporadic and severe events occurring every few years or decades resulting in loss of data, objects, or object values; and continual events or processes resulting in loss of data, objects, or object values. Dissociation affects the legal, intellectual, and/or cultural aspects of an object. Our museum also suffers from dissociation, so much so that we have a list of missing artifacts. By issuing them as missing artifacts they are in the database but cannot be physically located at this time. That can be due to the object being mislabeled, not labeled at all, moved and not have had the location updated, thrown out without any knowledge, or relabeled under a different number. We even have the opposite effect where we find an artifact with a number on it and it is not on our digital database. Then we must search through our records and try to locate what the artifact could be. This has happened with our stone tool collection where there is an unfinished axe head with the number 2006.29.1948 written on the surface. When trying to look up this number in our database there is no existence of this record, which falls into dissociation.

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Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, December 2, 2020

Issues in the Museum – Incorrect Relative Humidity

What is relative humidity (RH)? It is the quality of the air that ranges between damp and dry. We don’t perceive RH itself, we relate to RH through the dampness or dryness of our bodies in reaction to ambient RH, or we observe the effect on objects such as paper or cloth, which become damp or dry in response to the RH. RH is measured in percentage; 100% humidity is damp and 0% is dry. The different materials in the museum, organic and inorganic, react differently with different RH percentages. Organic materials contain some levels of moisture (eg. wood, paper, paint) and there is moisture on the surface of inorganic materials (eg. metals and stone). It is important to keep in mind that RH and temperature have a distinct relationship: when warmed air is cooled, the RH climbs. This leads to problems of damp when warm humid air finds cool spots in a building. The converse is that when cold air is heated, the RH falls. This leads to low indoor RH in winter, and drives the need for humidifiers. The worst issue dealing with RH is rapid fluctuations in RH percentages. This usually causes the object to expand and contract repeatedly during a short period of time, resulting in serious damage to the object. An example in the museum’s collection of incorrect RH causing severe damage is a Railway Jack. The handle is split down the middle and the metal bottom is all covered in rust. The splitting of the handle is caused by the fluctuations in RH, making the split larger over time if the RH is not controlled. The rust is due to a higher RH percentage over a long period of time, especially because the metal is not coated for protection and is heavily pitted making it easier for the breakdown of the metal.

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Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, Novemer 25, 2020

Remembering Face Masks part 2

Remembering those who have experienced the traumas of war and those that will never return, we continue this week’s Heritage Moment discussing gas masks. Prior to the Battle of Ypres, 18,000 gas shells filled with xylyl bromide targeted Russian lines over Bolimow in January of 1915. This early form of tear gas was a failure largely due to the cold front cast in the wake of the shells being released.  However, by April that year, the British media lambasted the Germans for their chlorine gas devices that covered the fields in ghostly greens clouds at the second Battle of Ypres. These weapons were termed as ‘cold-blooded’ and ‘uncivilized’, yet it did not prevent the British from attacking the Germans with gas at the Battle of Loos four months later. Salvation Army workers recall soldiers having sneezing attacks, blindness, blisters, gradual asphyxiation and in many cases, they would choke to death.  The fabric smoke helmet was made to reduce these side effects, which was introduced by Canadian, Cluny Macpherson. He designed a single exhaling tube that came with chemical sorbents as defense against airborne chlorine. Both the Allies and the Germans later added air filter drums that contained neutralizing gas chemicals to the respirators called the Small Box Respirator or SBR (like the one shown here), making it the most prominently carried mask. Sadly, mustard gas became the most widely deployed, rendering the gas masks virtually useless when the wool uniforms became soaked in the toxin causing blisters externally and internally. Gongs were the signature signal for gas alerts where troops were often crippled by the horror of the impending elusive ‘phantom threat.’ At the end of WWI over 90,000 soldiers from all sides were reportedly killed by gas and over 185,000 British and Service personnel were classed as gas casualties. Even though the machine gun and the flamethrower were statistically more lethal on the battlefield, chemical weapons were outlawed by the Geneva Protocol in 1925.

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Remembering Face Masks part 1

Every November we stop to reflect on the unimaginable sacrifices that our armed forces have suffered and continue to endure serving our country. Something as simple as breathing clean air was a challenge and at times not within reach for those in the theatre of war operations. In the early 1800s, firefighting, diving, mining, and medical masks were invented but rudimentary in nature, barely sealing tight enough around an elaborate mustache. The most convenient method to prevent inhalation was to hold a wet handkerchief to your face or soak it in anti-gas chemicals including sodium hyposulphite, washing soda or glycerin. Augustus Siebe developed a diving helmet that introduced the concept of an air entry tube and used air exit filter. This design would later be combined with other pending patents that applied charcoal filters to create respirators for gas masks in warfare. By 1914, Garett Morgan had devised a safety hood and smoke protector, which made national news when it saved the lives of 32 men trapped beneath Lake Erie in a tunnel following an explosion. The carbon monoxide respirator was built by the British in 1915 before the use of chemical weapons when it was discovered that unexploded enemy shells released enough toxins to kill soldiers in the trenches, foxholes, or close proximity environments. Despite all these mask inventions, The Battle of Ypres during WWI left soldiers unprotected and many would succumb to the chlorine gas released by German forces. Local WWI & WWII veteran, James Braglin, used this mask in WWII when he served as an instructor at the Wetaskiwin training base. Please tune in next week to get more history behind the mask.

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Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, November 4, 2020

Goalie Mask

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Would you like to face a 102-mph slap shot with no mask? I know I would not want too. The first mask was worn by Elizabeth Graham when goaltending for Queen’s University in 1927 and wanted to guard her teeth, so she donned a fencing mask. Next, in 1930, Montreal Maroons’ goaltender Clint Benedict played a few games in an all-leather mask. The first full face mask appeared at the 1936 Winter Olympics by team Japan’s goaltender Teiji Honma. It was not until 42 years later in 1959 that an NHL goalie wore a mask on-ice. In a game between New York Rangers and the Montreal Canadiens, the Canadiens goalie Jacques Plante took a puck to the face and was cut open, after getting stitched up Plante returned to the bench and told the coach that he was ready to go back in, but not without using his face mask that he developed and used in practice. Plante went back in goal and the Canadiens went on to win the game 3-1. Plante then wore the mask every game since and even ended up having an 18-game winning streak. This started a trend for hockey goalies and added another layer of protection. The iconic goalie mask now is synonymous with the horror movie Friday the 13th, the museum is having activities on Halloween Saturday, Oct. 31, from 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Everyone have a fun and spooky Halloween.

What is the Women of Aspenland?

Did you know October is Women’s History Month in Canada? The reason for this is that Oct. 18, now known as ‘Person’s Day’, marks a pivotal moment in Women’s History. It was not until that day in 1929 when women were legally recognized as ‘persons’ in Canada. Let than sink in for a minute. My Gram wasn’t legally a ‘person’ until she was 19-years-old.

By the early 1920s, with the exception of Quebec, all Canadian white, black, and indigenous women who had given up their treaty status had the right to vote and be elected to provincial and federal legislation, but they still could not be appointed to the senate. The reason behind this was a commonly held belief that the term ‘persons’ in the 1867 British North America Act did not include women. Also known as the Constitution Act, 1867, this act was put forth by the United Kingdom Parliament to unite three British Colonies — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada — as “one Dominion under the name of Canada”. This served as our constitution until 1982 when British Authority was officially transferred to an independent Canadian Parliament under the Constitution Act of 1982. I was nine.

Now, back to women in the roaring 20s. While these so-called non-persons were drinking gin and doing the Charleston, many were also concerned about women’s rights. An Albertan, Emily Murphy, who had become the first female magistrate not only in Canada, but also the British Empire, gathered four other Albertan women — Nellie McClung, Henrietta Edwards, Irene Parlby and Louise McKinney. Together they became known as the Famous Five, and one of their first tasks was to sign a petition asking the Federal Government to put this question of ‘persons’ to the Supreme Court of Canada. In 1928, the court ruled the word ‘persons’ did not include women.

The Famous Five were not happy, but in the 1920s there was a higher authority to which they could appeal, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England. And so, they took their battle across the pond, so-to-speak, and left the final decision in the hands of a formal body of advisors to King George V. Finally, after much deliberation, on Oct. 18, 1929, the Privy Council overturned the Supreme Court of Canada’s verdict and decided that the word ‘person’ did include women. Lord Sankey, who delivered the judgment, also stated that “The exclusion of Women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbaric than ours […] and to those who ask why the word should include females, the obvious answer is why should it not”. Persons Day in Canada was born and four months later, on Feb. 15, 1930, Cairine Wilson was sworn in as Canada’s first female senator.

Sixty-five years later in 1995, the idea that women’s history should be acknowledged evolved into a Regional Project of 14 museums belonging to a group called the Central Alberta Reginal Museums Network (CARMN). They planned a joint exhibit where each Museum could honor notable women in their respective communities. The proliferation of aspen trees throughout central Alberta seemed a fitting name, and thus “Women of Aspenland’ was born. The first public exhibit was in 1996 and the month of October was chosen in honor of Women’s History Month.

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Women of Aspenland is a documentation and exhibit project. Its purpose is to tell and preserve the stories of women who represent something about who we have been in the past, who we are in the present, and who we would like to be in the future. Each woman’s life story reflects some of the diverse traditions that shape our collective identity as a community.

This is not merely a research project. It also presents the opportunity for celebration. Each October, up to four women have been inducted into the Wetaskiwin and District Heritage Museum’s Women of Aspenland. A completed exhibit includes a story panel, photographs, and personal, familial, or community artifacts. It may also include a family genealogy, letters of appreciation, or personal memoirs. The temporary exhibit remains on display for one year following induction. It is subsequently turned into a permanent panel and information binder, which is be added to the collective display in our main floor gallery. The Heritage Museum is proud to house the largest collection of its kind in Canada, which includes the stories of more than 100 incredible ladies from Wetaskiwin City, County, and Maskwacis.

The Women of Aspenland is was one of the reasons I moved to Wetaskiwin seven years ago. It has been more rewarding than I could have ever imagined, but it has also been way harder. Running a non-profit can get overwhelming at the best of times. Then the COVID-19 era hit and five months ago I had to make the decision that for the first time since 1996 we would not be having a Women of Aspenland celebration. We simply did not have the resources financially as we no longer have a sponsor for the exhibit and with our overall operating revenue down substantially, could not hire the additional staff needed to complete it. Further, there was no way we could risk interviewing the Women and/or their family and friends in person and having them gather for an induction ceremony. I hated that decision.

I am also lucky because I have this exhibit at my disposal. Each day our women inspire me. When I am tired, fed up, feeling like I am ready for that inevitable break down I spend time with what I call my ladies. I flip through the panels, read the binders, have a small chat with the women and remember why any of us do what we do, and how to make it through strange times and hard decisions. I am grateful for that and invite you to come into the museum and let their stories inspire you. We will get through this, together, just like the sturdy Aspen trees that lend their name to the project.

Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, October 28, 2020

Scream

It is now that month when we enjoy disguising ourselves and anticipate the screams of onlookers or chilling reactions from passersby.

These party horn blowers that were popular in the 1950s helped to announce the Halloween occasion to the detriment of many a parent’s ear. This particular set was used by the Lahls in John Knox School to pester their undeserving teacher, which we imagine ended with them being confiscated to the teacher’s desk!

Noisemakers, such as rattlers, whistles, horns, clappers or rachets have been used for over 10,000 years for musical, religious, ceremonial or war purposes.

During the Han Dynasty in China, the Tatar Reed Whistle was used to alert civilians and soldiers when the ‘barbarians’ were sited. In Judaism, the gragger or grogger is applied to symbolically drown out the name of Haman, the persecutor of the Jews, over the holiday of Purim.

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Clackers or cog rattlers were distress signals for officers in the Victorian era that needed to alert others for help or sound the alarm in the case of a fire or gas leak.

Halloween noisemakers had their origins in the Celt celebration of Samhain, that prepared for the return of the dead on earth by means of bonfires, masquerades, and clamoring visitations. The goal of the noisemaker was to prevent the entry of evil spirits, but also to announce the presence of ‘soulers’ asking for gifts in exchange for prayers.

If you are looking for an alternative to Trick or Treating or just need a day out in disguise, call to register at the Heritage Museum for our Spooktaskiwin: Haunted Heritage on Oct. 31.

Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, October 21, 2020

Dash Butter Churn

Butter making has always been connected to farms. In pioneer days, large quantities of butter had to be made each week, and the chore was tedious. When butter production exceeded family needs, the surplus was exchanged at the local store for goods. Most dash churns holds 10-15 gallons of cream. The tradition wide bottom made for greater stability. Churns are made of wood, crockery, glass, or coppered tin and are powered by hand or foot. After separating the cream from fresh cow’s milk, the cream is poured into the clean churn. The dasher is worked up and down and rotated at the same time. From this action, the cream swells, floating curds form and then gather into a mass: butter. After churning, the buttermilk is poured off, and the butter is “washed” in a wooden bowl until water runs clear. Salt and colouring are added, and the butter is worked with and wooden paddle until smooth. Butter is put into a one-pound mould and pressed out with the handle. The butter is wrapped in parchment paper and kept cold until needed next.

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Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, October 14, 2020

A Wooly Big Collection

From fluff to a muff, we’ve got a ‘woolly’ big collection when it comes to textile devices.

This Aero Wool Winder, dated to the 1950s, was made in Redditch, England where it then travelled to Alder Flats to be used on a local farm.The primary function of this tool, which first needs to be assembled before application, is to coil or wrap yarn into a skein, hank or ball. The ‘modernized’ version of this equipment started appearing in late 1700s, however this process of looping spun threads dates over 2,000 years. One popular design of the wool winder is made of wood or ivory, shaped like an umbrella, and creates loops with a circumference of around 72 inches. It turns about 40 times to create a hank, also known as a bundle in the 1800s. The operator makes a little knot or twist in the yarn to bind the section. This is repeated seven times, until the desired skein of yarn containing approximately 560 yards is complete.

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The origin of the children’s nursery rhyme, “Pop Goes the Weasel”, is theoretically inspired from the popping sound of the yarn winder’s weasel. According to the rhyme’s story, the spinner aspect on the yarn winder tool was called the weasel. The monkey referred to the metal pins on the wooden gear. As described in the story, the monkey chases around the wheel until the required amount of revolutions occurred, only for it to disappear under the wood. When it finally releases, it makes a popping noise to the surprise of the children who watched.

If you would like to add some of your own POP to your wardrobe, sign up for our knitting workshops starting next week at the Heritage Museum.

Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, October 7, 2020

Parlor Organ

This parlor organ was just donated by Randy Rawson, who related to one of the first pioneers William Wigg. William Wigg moved from Norfolk, England, to Illinois in the United States around 1860. His desire to see the northwest country brought him to the Wetaskiwin District, and he homesteaded in the neighbourhood of Lewisville in 1880, spending the rest of his life there. Wigg is known far and wide as the pioneer breeder of the Improved Bacon Type of Berkshires. He is a firm believer in the great possibilities of alfalfa in this country, as he has successfully grown this hay for several years, both by inoculating and without. The Wigg family was one of the first settlers to take wheat to Edmonton to be ground to flour. This trip took four or five days. There was a halfway house between Wetaskiwin and Leduc, where they could get food and lodging for themselves and the tired horses. In the Lewisville Pioneers has more history on the Wigg family on page 45, as well, there is a picture of William Wigg and the organ that was donated on page 46.

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Originally published in the Wetaskiwin Times, September 30, 2020

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